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white-box ensemble
A white-box ensemble is a collection of multiple machine learning models whose internal architectures, parameters, and gradient information are fully accessible and transparent during optimization or evaluation. In adversarial machine learning, this configuration is commonly utilized to construct adversarial examples or physical patches by simultaneously optimizing the input across all constituent models. By aggregating the losses and gradients of diverse fully observable networks at the same time, the optimization avoids overfitting to the specific decision boundaries of a single classifier, thereby producing adversarial perturbations that exhibit significantly higher robustness, universality, and cross-model transferability against unseen target systems.
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