keyword

hate speech

Hate speech refers to communication that attacks, demeans, promotes hatred against, or incites violence toward individuals or groups based on protected characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. Commonly monitored and regulated within legal frameworks, public discourse, and digital platforms, hate speech is distinguished from general offensive language by its targeted hostility toward specific social groups and protected identities. Because the perception and severity of harmful expression often depend on social context, cultural norms, and individual perspectives, defining and moderating hate speech involves balancing the prevention of harassment, discrimination, and violence with the protection of freedom of expression.

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When the Majority is Wrong: Modeling Annotator Disagreement for Subjective Tasks

Eve Fleisig, Rediet Abebe, Dan Klein

Why you should read this

Presents a framework that predicts individual annotator judgments alongside the targeted demographic groups of text to identify when targeted populations disagree with majority-vote labels in offensive content detection.

People often disagree on subjective tasks such as determining what is offensive or toxic online, where each annotator brings their own perspective influenced by factors like culture, identity, and lived experience. In many annotation settings today, however, we ask multiple people — who may have different beliefs — to provide just one label per example, treating majority vote as ground truth. We show how training models to capture individual annotator behavior instead yields better modeling of disagreement patterns among human raters.

Source

https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.415.pdf

Added

2026-10-02